"The universe is made of stories, not of atoms"


1. “The Comedy of Errors”


Read the comedy here!

**********************KEY FACTS****************************

Type of Work: The play is a comedy that veers toward farce and burlesque. It is sometimes classified as a “comedy of intrigue” or a “comedy of situation.” With approximately 16,250 words, The Comedy of Errors is Shakespeare’s shortest play.

Date Written: Early 1590’s.

First Performance: Probably December 28, 1594, at Gray’s Inn in London, one of four “Inns of Court,” establishments for educating members of the legal profession.

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Women are very present in The Comedy of Errors as vocal forces. Though they have a lot of opinions and many speaking lines, it seems their main reason for existing in the play is to talk about and react to men. For that reason, I am going to focus my study on Adriana, wife of Antipholus of Ephesus, and Luciana, Adriana’s unmarried sister. Through several dialogs we will see the different perspectives on marriage offered in The Comedy of Errors by these two female characters.

"The Comedy of Errors". From The Complet Works of William Shakespeare

The central marriage in the play is that of Adriana and Antipholus of Ephesus,and it does not seem to be a happy one. In this play, we can clearly observe that the identity of Adriana is fringed upon that of her husband, in fact, at that time the woman was seen as an extension of the man. Women were objects of male desire and dependent on that desire for their status, livelihood and even their lives. They accepted their husband as teacher and master.

In act II scene I Adriana seems to be a different woman from the others. Adriana, in a debate with Luciana, asserts her independence and power within her marriage and she believes that women should have as much freedom as men:

ADRIANA

Neither my husband nor the slave return’d,
That in such haste I sent to seek his master!
Sure, Luciana, it is two o’clock.

LUCIANA

Perhaps some merchant hath invited him,
And from the mart he’s somewhere gone to dinner.
Good sister, let us dine and never fret:
A man is master of his liberty:
Time is their master, and, when they see time,
They’ll go or come: if so, be patient, sister.

ADRIANA

Why should their liberty than ours be more?

LUCIANA

Because their business still lies out o’ door.

ADRIANA

Look, when I serve him so, he takes it ill.

LUCIANA

O, know he is the bridle of your will.

ADRIANA

There’s none but asses will be bridled so.

LUCIANA

Why, headstrong liberty is lash’d with woe.
There’s nothing situate under heaven’s eye
But hath his bound, in earth, in sea, in sky:
The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
Are their males’ subjects and at their controls:
Men, more divine, the masters of all these,
Lords of the wide world and wild watery seas,
Indued with intellectual sense and souls,
Of more preeminence than fish and fowls,
Are masters to their females, and their lords:
Then let your will attend on their accords.

ADRIANA

This servitude makes you to keep unwed.

LUCIANA

Not this, but troubles of the marriage-bed.

ADRIANA

But, were you wedded, you would bear some sway.

LUCIANA

Ere I learn love, I’ll practise to obey.

ADRIANA

How if your husband start some other where?

LUCIANA

Till he come home again, I would forbear.

ADRIANA

Patience unmoved! no marvel though she pause;
They can be meek that have no other cause.
A wretched soul, bruised with adversity,
We bid be quiet when we hear it cry;
But were we burdened with like weight of pain,
As much or more would we ourselves complain:
So thou, that hast no unkind mate to grieve thee,
With urging helpless patience wouldst relieve me,
But, if thou live to see like right bereft,
This fool-begg’d patience in thee will be left.

LUCIANA

Well, I will marry one day, but to try.
Here comes your man; now is your husband nigh.

(Act II  scene I)

As Luciana , other characters,  locate the blame of the unhappy marriage in the jealousy of Adriana, who is, indeed, portrayed as the kind of shrewish woman often found in the English plays of the period, including Shakespeare’s own The Taming of the Shrew. Still, the playwright’s sympathies seem to lie more with Adriana than with her simpering sister, who mouth conventional marital wisdom of the era. Actually, Luciana says that Adriana has been too jealous that has driven her husband insane with her bullying and prodding, when it is a woman’s place to be docile; however, her husband’s odd behavior has nothing to do with her and is the result of highly improbable circumstances. taking that into acount, I think that, far from supporting Luciana and the Abbess in their condemnations, Shakespeare is satirizing perspectives on marriage that would soon be out-of-date even in his era.

Back to the dialogue shown above, when Dromio of Ephesus enters in the scene, Adriana changes her attitude. She has so utterly sunk her identity into her role as wife that she believes that she and her husband are one indivisible whole:

ADRIANA

But say, I prithee, is he coming home? It seems he
hath great care to please his wife.

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

Why, mistress, sure my master is horn-mad.

ADRIANA

Horn-mad, thou villain!

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

I mean not cuckold-mad;
But, sure, he is stark mad.
When I desired him to come home to dinner,
He ask’d me for a thousand marks in gold:
”Tis dinner-time,’ quoth I; ‘My gold!’ quoth he;
‘Your meat doth burn,’ quoth I; ‘My gold!’ quoth he:
‘Will you come home?’ quoth I; ‘My gold!’ quoth he.
‘Where is the thousand marks I gave thee, villain?’
‘The pig,’ quoth I, ‘is burn’d;’ ‘My gold!’ quoth he:
‘My mistress, sir’ quoth I; ‘Hang up thy mistress!
I know not thy mistress; out on thy mistress!’

LUCIANA

Quoth who?

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

Quoth my master:
‘I know,’ quoth he, ‘no house, no wife, no mistress.’
So that my errand, due unto my tongue,
I thank him, I bare home upon my shoulders;
For, in conclusion, he did beat me there.

ADRIANA

Go back again, thou slave, and fetch him home.

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

Go back again, and be new beaten home?
For God’s sake, send some other messenger.

ADRIANA

Back, slave, or I will break thy pate across.

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

And he will bless that cross with other beating:
Between you I shall have a holy head.

ADRIANA

Hence, prating peasant! fetch thy master home.

DROMIO OF EPHESUS

Am I so round with you as you with me,
That like a football you do spurn me thus?
You spurn me hence, and he will spurn me hither:
If I last in this service, you must case me in leather.

Exit

LUCIANA

Fie, how impatience loureth in your face!

ADRIANA

His company must do his minions grace,
Whilst I at home starve for a merry look.
Hath homely age the alluring beauty took
From my poor cheek? then he hath wasted it:
Are my discourses dull? barren my wit?
If voluble and sharp discourse be marr’d,
Unkindness blunts it more than marble hard:
Do their gay vestments his affections bait?
That’s not my fault: he’s master of my state:
What ruins are in me that can be found,
By him not ruin’d? then is he the ground
Of my defeatures. My decayed fair
A sunny look of his would soon repair
But, too unruly deer, he breaks the pale
And feeds from home; poor I am but his stale.

(Act II  scene I)

Luciana’s sense of identity within marriage, in her way, contrast with Adriana’s. She believes that men are naturally lords over their wives, and wants to learn to obey before she learns to love ( “Ere I learn love, I’ll practise to obey”. Act I scene II). At the end, she pairs up with Antipholus of Syracuse. He offers to take a submissive role in the relationship, he wants her to teach him how to think and speak.

As we have seen, Shakespeare presents in this comedy 2 different views of marriage and women role but, though Adriana could be seen as a jealous, shrewish wife in the first dialog show above , she seems obliged to behave properly on her role of wife and wealthy woman in order to fit in the society, accepting in front of them the ideas represented in the comedy by her sister Luciana, being obedient and submissive to her husband.

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Related posts:

Men and women roles in Elizabethan society.

Much Ado About Nothing

As You Like It

Twelfth Night

Conclusion


3. “Much Ado About Nothing”.

Read the comedy here!

**********************KEY FACTS****************************

Type of WorkMuch Ado About Nothing is a comedy centering on the activities of two war heroes and the women they love. Shakespeare shifts back and forth between the stories of the couples—Benedick and Beatrice, Claudio and Hero—interweaving them into a unified whole. The story observes the three unities (place, time, and action) established by ancient Greek and Renaissance thinkers and writers.
Date Written: Probably 1598.
First Performance: Probably December 1598 or early in 1599.
First Printing: 1600 quarto edition by Valentine Sims for Andrew Wise and William Aspley; 1623 as part of the First Folio, the first authorized collection of Shakespeare’s plays.

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Much Ado About Nothing starts with the end of a war: men are returning from battle, taking an active role, and women are waiting for them, acquiring  a passive role. It seems that with such a beginning, Shakespeare will deal with the traditional patriarcal society usual of his times. However, as the first act begins, the reader sees how Beatrice interrupts the conversation between Leonato and the Messenger. Doing so,  she already reveals her active role in this story by the interruption of a male conversation, an attitude that could be considered inappropiate for women at Elizabethan times.

BEATRICE

I pray you, is Signior Mountanto returned from the
wars or no?

Messenger

I know none of that name, lady: there was none such
in the army of any sort.

LEONATO

What is he that you ask for, niece?

HERO

My cousin means Signior Benedick of Padua.

Messenger

O, he’s returned; and as pleasant as ever he was.

BEATRICE

He set up his bills here in Messina and challenged
Cupid at the flight; and my uncle’s fool, reading
the challenge, subscribed for Cupid, and challenged
him at the bird-bolt. I pray you, how many hath he
killed and eaten in these wars? But how many hath
he killed? for indeed I promised to eat all of his killing.

(Act I, scene I)

Instead of leaving a secondary role for women, women are the centre of the main plot and taking part in the action. The major events, to a large extent, revolve around the female characters: Hero is the Claudio’s object of love and later of hate, Beatrice is the woman who express freely in a male’s world and the woman who turns Benedict into a “tamed man”; and finally, Margaret and Ursula also contribute, albeit on a smaller scale, to deceive Claudio into thinking that Hero is unfaithful and helping to win the heart of Beatrice towards Benedict respectively.

Woman are no longer voiceless in this play, as was usual in a patriarchal society ruled by men, Beatrice breaks the conventions through her freedom of expression. Furthermore, women are represented as equal to men. This is the case again of Beatrice, who argues with Benedict regardless of his position as a man. Definitely, although to a limited degree, women represented in “Much Ado About Nothing” reach a high social value and great importance compared with the conventional man’s superiority ideology of that time. In spite of giving them roles as wife and mother, here Benedict expresses his gratitude to his mother who brought him to life:

That a woman conceived me, I thank her; that she

brought me up, I likewise give her most humble

thanks: but that I will have a recheat winded in my

forehead, or hang my bugle in an invisible baldrick,

all women shall pardon me. Because I will not do

them the wrong to mistrust any, I will do myself the

right to trust none; and the fine is, for the which

I may go the finer, I will live a bachelor.

(Act I, scene I)

If we have seen in The Comedy of Errors how Luciana’s sense of identity within marriage contrasts with Adriana’s, here Beatrice and Hero are the representatives of opposite roles: Beatrice is a rebellious woman that could be represented as the active role or the protest against the conventional submissive attitude of women at Elizabethan times. She is the woman who dares to argue and to be as equal as men. Beatrice is also considered, to some degree, a woman whom men cannot control:

LEONATO

Well, niece, I hope to see you one day fitted with a husband.

BEATRICE

Not till God make men of some other metal than

earth. Would it not grieve a woman to be

overmastered with a pierce of valiant dust? to make

an account of her life to a clod of wayward marl?

No, uncle, I’ll none: Adam’s sons are my brethren;

and, truly, I hold it a sin to match in my kindred.

We can observe that Leonato does not take control over Beatrice’s decision of marriage, and in contrast to it, Leonato does rule over his daughter Hero in the decision of being married. Hero represents women’s submission: she is sweet and docile and most importantly obedient to her father’s decision of marrying her to Claudio. She is almost voiceless in the play, however in act three scene one we can see her taking a assertive role carrying out the plan of getting Beatrice and Benedict together . This is the only occasion where she takes an active role, the rest of the play she agrees and obeys with no opposition every single decision made by men.

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Related posts:

Men and women roles in Elizabethan society.

The Comedy of Errors

As You Like It

Twelfth Night

Conclusion

Related videos:

film_Much Ado About Nothing: part 1

2. “Animal Farm”

Read Animal Farm here!

**********************KEY FACTS****************************

type of work:  Novella

Genre: Dystopian animal fable; satire; allegory.

Time and place written: 1943–1944, in London.

Date of first publication: 1946.

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As we have seen in the first paper, One of Orwell’s central concerns in Animal Farm is the way in which language can be manipulated as an instrument of control.

In Animal Farm, the pigs gradually twist and distort a rhetoric of socialist revolution to justify their behavior and to keep the other animals in the dark. The animals heartily embrace Major’s visionary ideal of socialism, but after Major dies, the pigs gradually twist the meaning of his words. As a result, the other animals seem unable to oppose the pigs without also opposing the ideals of the Rebellion. By the end of the novella, after Squealer’s repeated reconfigurations of the Seven Commandments in order to decriminalize the pigs’ treacheries, the main principle of the farm can be openly stated as “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” This outrageous abuse of the word “equal” and of the ideal of equality in general typifies the pigs’ method, which becomes increasingly audacious as the novel progresses. Orwell’s sophisticated exposure of this abuse of language remains one of the most compelling and enduring features of Animal Farm.

As in 1984 the simplification of language use by the “power” (pigs in this novel), also makes other animals unable to think deeply about what is happening and, in addition to that, the simplistic dichotomies don’t give place to complex thoughts, so if an animal does not believe in of the statement made by the pigs, it is also opposing the ideals of the Rebellion.

For a deep analysis of the novel and this topic click here.

5. “Twelfth Night”

Read the comedy here!

**********************KEY FACTS****************************

Type of Work: Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a stage play in the form of a comedy. It was written in the festive spirit of the Twelfth Night of the Christmas season, January 6, as part of events celebrating the holiday season.

Date Written: 1601.

Publication: 1623 as part of the First Folio, the first auhorized collection of Shakespeare’s play.

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Like many of Shakespeare’s comedies, this one centres on mistaken identity. The leading character, Viola, is shipwrecked on the shores of Illyria during the opening scenes. She loses contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes is dead. Masquerading as a young page under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Orsino is in love with the bereaved Lady Olivia, whose father and brother have recently died, and who will have nothing to do with any suitors, the Duke included. Orsino decides to use “Cesario” as an intermediary to tell Olivia about his love for her. Olivia, believing Viola to be a man, falls in love with this handsome and eloquent messenger. Viola, in turn, has fallen in love with the Duke, who also believes Viola is a man, and who regards her as his confidant.

Olivia and Viola in Twelfth Night. 1979

The play’s delicious complications follow the emotional crosscurrents that Viola’s transformation engenders. Shipwrecked on a strange coast and bereft of her twin brother, the disguised Viola finds a place in the service of Duke Orsino with whom she promptly falls in love. When Orsino send Cesario to help him with the Lady Olivia, Olivia not only rejects the Duke’s suit but falls in love with his messenger. Discomforted to learn that she is the object of Olivia’s love, Viola reflects on the plot’s impassioned triangle:

My master loves her dearly,

And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me.

What will become of this?

(Act II, Scene II)

It would have been simple for Shakespeare to devise a concluding scene in which Viola appears in women’s habits, but he goes out of his way to leave her in men’s clothes and hence to disrupt with a delicate comic touch the return to the normal. The transforming power of costume unsettles fixed categories of gender and social class and allows characters to explore emotional territory that a culture officially hostile to same-sex desire and cross-class marriage would ordinarily have ruled out of bounds. In Twelfth Nigh, conventional expectations repeatedly give way to a different way of perceiving the world. Thus, Viola, dresses up as her brother whom she presumes to be dead, so as to pass safely through this strange land, leading to a great number of mistaken-identity gags. Inevitably, she becomes caught up in a bizarre love triangle between the duke she serves and loves and the countess she is wooing on his behalf, who naturally enough falls in love with her. And that’s not even getting into the high jinks between sober Malvolio and the drunken Sir Toby Belch. A shipwrecked Viola disguises herself as the boy Cesario and falls in love with her employer, Orsino, the duke of Illyria, who in turn is smitten with Olivia, who suddenly finds herself inexplicably attracted to Cesario/Viola. Olivia is so vulnerable, yearning and aware of her folly that the audience can’t wait for her every appearance. These misunderstandings, of course, are largely her creation, in the sense that they mainly derive from a disguise that confounds the distinction between male and female.

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Related posts:

Men and women roles in Elizabethan society.

The Comedy of Errors

Much Ado About Nothing

As You Like It

Conclusion

Literature

Literature: Literary productions as a whole; the body of writings produced in a particular country or period, or in the world in general. Now also in a more restricted sense, applied to writing which has claim to consideration on the ground of beauty of form or emotional effect. (OED)

…BUT…

What do they say?

“The thing that teases the mind over and over for years, and at last gets itself put down rightly on paper — whether little or great, it belongs to Literature.”

Sarah Orne Jewett

“Literature is my Utopia. Here I am not disfranchised. No barrier of the senses shuts me out from the sweet, gracious discourse of my book-friends. They talk to me without embarrassment or awkwardness.”

Hellen keller

“Literature, the most seductive, the most deceiving, the most dangerous of professions”

John Morley

“The universe is made of stories, not of atoms”

Muriel Rukeyser

“The books that the world calls immoral are the books that show the world its own shame”

“Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it, but moulds it to its purpose. The nineteenth century, as we know it, is largely an invention of Balzac.”

Oscar Wilde

“A book must be the ax for the frozen sea within us”

Franz Kafka

“Literature is strewn with the wreckage of those who have minded beyond reason the opinion of others.”

“Literature adds to reality, it does not simply describe it. It enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides; and in this respect, it irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become.”



“Literature is where I go to explore the highest and lowest places in human society and in the human spirit, where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of the tale, of the imagination and of the heart.”